How Not to Use "Boy" in Today's Political Correctness

The Limited Use of “Boy” Today We live in an era of political correctness. Once commonly used words and phrases are now suspect. Let’s look at the word “boy.” Words often have different meanings in different contexts. Merriam-Webster defines ‘boy’ as “a male child birth to adulthood,” but “boy” can mean much more and much less. We still say boys and girls, but further usage is very limited. A prime example is the mostly historic racist use of the word directed at African American males. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. in his great Letter From a Birmingham Jail wrote: “[W]hen your first name becomes ‘nigger’ and your middle name becomes ‘boy”’(however old you are) and your last name becomes ‘John” ….” Thus the 11th Circuit in 2010 found the word "boy" racist when used by a supervisor against black employees. Another phrase from the same era is “Good old boys,” which are Southern gentlemen or a male clique in professions. It’s also a phrase to denote obstacle to women breaking into a profession or field. For example, the Directors Guild is dominated by Good Old Boys when it comes to Oscar nominations for Best Director. A historical usage is a side note of the atomic bombs dropping on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombs had different designs. The Hiroshima bomb was nicknamed “Little Boy” and the Nagasaki bomb “Fat Man.” “Little Boy” and its hydrogen successors hopefully will never be used again. Let’s look at other historic uses which either have, or should, fade into the sunset. King Tut, the fabled King Tut made famous on Saturday Night Live by Steve Martin, was known as the “Boy King,” which is hardly funny since King Tut died young. Paper Boy – I was a paper boy for 18 months in high school delivering the San Francisco Chronicle and also the overlapping San Francisco Examiner for four of those months. Both were profitable competing morning newspapers at the time. Who gets home delivery from paper boys anymore? “News Boy” is similarly archaic. I worked nine months as a office boy and two years as a catalog boy in college. Those terms are probably verboten today. Now we have externs and interns. Of course, “Boy Friday” is also a no-no today as well as its cousin “Tea Boy.” We also had messenger boys and errant boys as well as copy boys and servant boys not so long ago. Let us not forget Tarzan had Jane, Cheeta the chimp, and “Boy.” There’s also Boy Wonder – not to be confused with enfant terrible Should we say “boy genius” or child prodigy? We shouldn’t today call some girls “tomboys” Boys in the Band Boyz n in the Hood Nature Boy – a song and the nickname of a male model in Playgirl Magazine If we say “Good Boy” or “Bad Boy,” it sounds like we are training a dog without the bone or treat. Fr. Flanigan’s Boy’s Town tried changing its name to Boys and Girls Town since it started accepting girls but changed back to Boys Town. That’s bad judgment! More so is that fundraisers should learn from Boy’s Town’s success. It had an endowment of $191 million in 1970 and $568 million in 1992. It has over $1 billion in assets today. That boy has grown up! That is not a boy charity!

Mayor Pete Buttigieg and the Millennials Pose the Greatest Threat to President Trump's Reelection

Speaker Pelosi, the iffy impeachment, the media, celebrities, academia, Democrats and Progressives are not President Trump’s problem for reelection. It’s Mayor Pete and the Millennials. I was wrong a few months ago. I thought Beto O’Rourke was The Man. Beto turned out to be a narcissistic goofus. Thank God he didn’t win the Texas Senate seat of Senator Ted Cruz. It’s now the turn of Mayor Pete Buttigieg. Mayor Pete presents a fresh, “moderate’ fresh to the election - a reprieve from the traditional trite, samo samo politicians. He’s like President Emmanuel Macron of France and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada, a new wave of feel-good, non-confrontational, energetic candidates. Mayor Pete - Harvard, Rhodes Scholar, Navy Intelligence – looks good on paper He’s appealing to the next generation. He wants to be the bridge to a new era in American politics Don’t fall for it. Mayor Pete sublimates his inner radicalism, just like Senator Barack Obama in 2008. He’s “moderate,” soothing, reassuring. He’s not. He calls himself a Democratic socialist He’s as radical as Senators Sanders and Warren, just moderate in tone. Here’s his views: Stack the Supreme Court with 6 new justices, who pass the abortion test. A two-state Palestinian solution, but loathes Israel and wants to cut off support to Saudi Arabia. Medicare for all who want it, with a goal of universal healthcare. DACA. Open borders. Supporter of Big Labor. Supports Paris Accords. Green New Deal, carbon taxes, and clean energy. Will take action on Day One on the climate. Tax increases for people to pay their “fair share.” Ending gerrymandering Social equity Gender equity in administrative and agency appointments Statehood for the District of Columbia H.R.40: reparations to African Americans Elimination of death penalty Presidential elections by popular vote, eliminating the electoral college. When asked about white supremacy, “I try to check myself.” His statements on White Privilege: “Systemic racism, and white supremacy in particular … is the force that is most likely to destroy America.” “Look if you think about it; White supremacy is the thing beneath the surface of American life that has come closest to ending American life.” “It’s why I welcome my obligation as a candidate with the privilege of whiteness to speak about systemic racism in this country.” He’s trying to unite the Obama Coalition with identity politics. The Millennials are his key. A large percent of Millennials are woke, social justice warriors. They abhor President Trump, Republicans and conservatives. For example, the Millennials at Amazon, Google, and Microsoft oppose government projects for the military. Millennials overwhelmingly identify with the Democratic Party. 59% as of 2017 are Democrats or lean Democrat, compared to only 32% Republican. They fail to understand, being illiterate in history, that democratic socialism is an oxymoron. Their big issue is the environment, including climate change. Their second biggest issue is healthcare. Anti-Semitism, in the guise of anti-Zionism, is spreading through our nation’s campuses. The Millennials are convinced there is only one side, their correct side, the progressive side. Differing speech is hate speech. They come out of college indoctrinated with the history of America as an oppressive nation, both domestically and globally. They view themselves as victims of White (Male) Privilege. Thus the new concentration on “White Privilege.” Mayor Pete and Millennials – That’s the hurdle to President Trump’s reelection.

Brexit, Impeachment, and the Democrats

Brexit and Impeachment: Brexit’s Warning to the Democratic Party Friday the 13th was the best of times and the worst of times for the Democratic Party. The Judiciary Committee voted two counts of impeachment against the President. The Democrats on Friday the 13th weaponized the Constitutional power of impeachment into a political tool. Friday was when they realized their sole mates, the British Labor Party, went down in a crushing defeat. Friday the 13th and Brexit are omens and warnings for the Democratic Party. The Tories gained 47 seats to 360 out of 640 in the House of Commons. Conversely Labour lost 59 seats, down to 203. The Tories won 47.4% of the votes; Labour dropped to 35.9%. The working class, the remaining, struggling working class of England, the red wall of the Labor Party, defected and elected the Tories. They had enough of globalism and factories closing, of unemployment and poverty. The Tories offered them a way out. Labor offered them nationalization and anti-Semitism. The British workers are what Secretary Clinton called “deplorables,” the industrial workers in the industrial heartland of the United States. These Americans in Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin elected Donald Trump President of the United States. The Midlands went to the Conservatives. The Midwest went to the Republicans. The Democratic candidates, to a greater or lesser extent, are promising socialism, government medicine, anti-Semitism, intense regulation and higher taxes to Americans. They added impeachment, a witch hunt, to that witches brew of alienation. The British voted for Brexit 3½ years ago. America voted for Donald Trump 3 years ago. The Parliament under Prime Minister Theresa May was deadlocked for 3½ years. The ineffectual Prime Minister resigned to be succeeded by the flamboyant Boris Johnson. The Democrats have fumed for three years, one year in control of the House of Representatives, and accomplished little, consumed by impeachment. The British pundits expected a close vote – not a blowout, because of the Twitter activity in favor of the Labor Party. Twitter in both the U.S. and U.K. is dominated by progressives. It is not a barometer of public opinion. British voters wanted a leader. Theresa May was not. Nor are the Democrats running for President exhibiting leadership ability, just anti-Trump animus. The main, but not exclusive, issue in the British election was Brexit. Secondary reasons included loathing of Jeremy Corbyn and his anti-Semitism. We know that Brexit was the major issue because of all the MP’s who left either the Conservative or Labor parties to become independents lost their seats. Dennis Skinner, diehard Labour MP, in office for 49 years, known as the Beast of Bolsover, lost to a Tory. Chris Leslie, who lost his seat, tweeted: “We warned this would happen. We tried everything we could to prevent the hard-left self-indulgence within the Labor Party.” That’s the warning for the hard-left self-indulgence Democratic Party, the most radical since President Nixon blew away Senator George McGovern in 1972. Labor Leader Jeremy Corbin is a rabid anti-Semite. His Labor Party was increasingly anti-Semitic. Therein lies another warning to the Democrats. The left-wing of the Democratic Party is increasingly anti-Semitic supporting the BDS Movement. Representative Ilhan Omar is outspoken: “It’s the Benjamins Baby”. Running against white privilege will also not be a winning issue. Representative Rashida Tlaib is equally outspoken. She tweeted after the killings at the Jersey City Kosher Grocery: “This is heartbreaking. White Supremacy Kills.” The Democrats have time to come to their senses, but the Trump Impeachment indicates the opposite. If not, they are heading to a repeat of 1972 when the despised President Nixon won a 49 state landslide over the Democrat’s “radical” Senator George McGovern. The Democrats are obsessed with removing President trump from office. Other lessons. The polls showed a close election. They were wrong. Polling is increasingly unreliable. Brexit reaffirmed that celebrities don’t pull voters. The British actor Hugh Grant actively campaigned for four candidates. They all lost. The media trashed Prime Minister Boris Johnson on his scandalized personal behavior. Voters were unmoved, just like President Trump’s voters.

Notes on Today's Impeachment

It happened; after 9 hours of “debate,” and three years in the making, the Democrats voted to impeach President Obama – pre-ordained impeachment. Speaker Pelosi and a few other representatives wore black to reflect the solemnity of the vote. That was as solemn as Speaker Pelosi saying as a good Catholic she prays for the President. Democratic staffers were celebrating and partying during the “solemn” impeachment. Speaker Pelosi ran the impeachment process through on a fast and furious track from the time she gave the go ahead. It only took her 2 ½ years to get to that point – three years for Representatives Green and Walters who demanded impeachment as soon as he was elected. The impeachment was ordained three years ago and a year ago when the Democrats won the House. Newly sworn in Representative Rashida Tlaib, the anti-Semite from Michigan, said “We’re going in impeach that mother fucker.” The only question was when and why. Russian Collusion X Obstruction of Justice X Mueller Report X Quid Pro Quo X Emoluments Clause X This impeachment is unique. The Constitution requires “Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors” The Democrats spoke today for upholding the Constitution. No Treason No Bribery No Crime – much less a high crime No Misdemeanor The House proceedings: Secret hearings – a la the Star Chamber No cross-examination of witnesses No witnesses allowed for the President No whistleblower Several put the burden of proof on the President to establish his innocence Always shifting goal posts Hearsay upon hearsay Conclusions based on inferences, innuendos, and presumptions Amazingly and ironically they are trashing the Constitution in the name of the Constitution Just abuse of power, which is not a crime, and Obstruction of Congress by refusing to testify. Eight hours of talking points. The Judiciary Committee reported out a 632 page report on Monday morning. The vote was Wednesday night. The odds are only a few, at most, Democrats read the report before voting. It didn’t matter. Only the impeachment mattered. Speaker Pelosi believes in short reading periods. Members of Congress were only given three days to read the complex, 2100 page ObamaCare bill before voting. The Speaker responded, when asked what’s in the Bill: First we have to vote for it to find out what’s in it. This time, it was only two days. The Democrats decry the mistreatment of an ally, Ukraine, and cutting off needed military aid for the Ukrainian defense. President Obama was strangely quiet when Russia seized the Crimea and provided no military aid to the Ukrainians. Speaker Pelosi is now demanding the Republicans conduct a fair trial in the Senate. Irony upon irony, hypocrisy upon hypocrisy! Question for the Democratic Ukrainian supporters, “Where is the Ukraine?” The Democrats believe they tarred and feathered the President with the “I” for impeachment. President Trump will campaign with the impeachment as a badge of honor. Impeachment is a political act, but this one lacks public support. The President’s polling favorability is higher than President Obama at the same time in his administration. The President’s numbers are consistent despite three years of vilification by the Democrats, media, Hollywood, Academia, and late show TV. Remember the question to Donald Trump during the 2016 election: “Will you accept the results if you lose?” He responded “I would accept a clear election result, but I would also reserve my right to contest or appeal a legal challenge in the case of a questionable result.” The media dumped on him. Yet, the Democrats and media have not accepted the 2016 results. Representative Debra Wasserman Schultz said during today’s debate “The President’s abuse of power was brazen and unrepentant.” She stood with her fellow Democrats and voted to impeach “to protect our democracy.” The irony and hypocrisy. Representative Schultz chaired the Democratic National Committee in 2015-16 when she rigged the Democratic nomination process for Secretary Clinton. The Democrats have weaponized, and trivialized, the constitutional power of impeachment. Abuse of Power? The Democrat's Impeachment of President Trump may itself be unconstitutional because neither of the today's grounds are specified in the Constitution. The 2020 election is 11 months from now – an eternity in politics. Memo to the Democrats. The Republican Senate confirmed another 11 federal district judges today while two court of appeals judges were confirmed earlier this week. Message to the Democrats as they celebrate their “glorious” day of impeachment. Remember President Clinton: “it’s the Economy, Stupid.”

This Can't Really be an Impeachment, Can It?

This Is An Impeachment? Merry Christmas House Democrats: You’ve given yourself a lump of coal in the stocking. You wanted impeachment before Christmas. You mistook Christmas for Thanksgiving. This impeachment is a turkey. Or maybe Easter. You laid an egg. Did you forget Senator Obama’s adage: “You can paint lipstick on a pig, but it’s still a pig”? What about Lincoln’s “You can fool all the people some of the time, and some of the people all the time, but you can’t fool all the people all the time?” How about Gertrude Stein’s “There is no there, there”? Is there a cure for Potomac Fever? Is there a cure for Trump Derangement Syndrome? An impeachment without a crime or facts is no impeachment. It’s akin to a Soviet Show Trial. The Constitution requires “Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and Misdemeanors” Not focus group approved talking points! What part of Treason, Bribery, or other High Crime or Misdemeanor don’t you understand? Is this what you wanted for Christmas? You’re making President Trump popular. Don’t you realize hot air lifts hot air balloons but not impeachment? Haven’t they learned from the Kavanaugh hearings that histrionics are increasingly unsuccessful? Are they so desperate that they bring up Dr. Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement? At least they had the lawyers. Or not! The Democrats are the party of trial lawyers. They know if they can’t get a progressive measure through the legislature, they can find a progressive judge to judicially legislate. They can count on an army of trial lawyers and friendly judges. However, the Democrats could find no crime to impeach in the impeachment proceedings. No problem, they enlisted an trio of partisan, Trump hating law professors to create impeachment grounds. The elitist professors convinced no one. The Constitution and Bill of Rights provides immutable principles that allowed our` democracy to thrive. Along the way the power to amend the Constitution allowed our nation to rectify mistakes, including ending slavery and extending equal protection, including the right to vote, to minorities and women. A modern view, a radical view, held by progressives, is that the Constitution is a living document that can be changed at any time by the legislature or judiciary; i.e. judicial legislation. Thus the Constitution will mean whatever the Progressives want it to mean. The Constitutional imperative would be the end justifies the means. They could accomplish that goal by stacking the Court with progressive justices, such as the current Justices Breyer, Ginsburg, Kagan, and Sotomayor, to stack the Supreme Court. For example, Dean Erwin Chemerinsky of Berkeley Law School wrote in a Los Angeles Times op-ed that a criminal act is not a prerequisite to impeaching the President even though the Constitution prescribes treason, bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Did you really believe that Americans would support an impeachment without a crime? Do you really want to risk the House majority you won in 2018? Does Speak Pelosi believe Americans would believe her when she pulled out the Catholic Card to denying hating President Trump? She said her religion precludes hate. Her religion also proscribes abortion, but the Speaker is Pro-Choice. Speaker Pelosi stated they started planning impeachment 2 1/2 years ago. If so, how can it be so weak? How many more times will the Democrats double down? Russia Collusion Emoluments Clause Stormy Daniels Michael Avenatti Mueller Report Ukraine Bribery Quid pro quo What’s an impeachment without: Facts? A special prosecutor? Facts? Eye witness testimony? Facts? Due process? Facts? Cross-examination? Facts? Quid pro quo? Facts? Bribery? Facts? The right to call witnesses? Facts? A Whistleblower? Facts? An informant? Facts? The Democrats must not be superstitious. Why else would they think it's a good idea for the House Judiciary Committee to approve articles of impeachment on Friday the 13th? Finally, no matter how much some Democrats hate President trump, and his popularity ratings stay slightly below 50%,Congress, the Democratic Congress has a favorability rating of 24% and unfavorable 72&. Speaker Pelosi has pulled out her inner Shakespeare from Macbeth: “If it were done when ‘tis done, then ‘twere well It were done quickly.” Haste makes waste!

Witnesses the Senate Should Subpoena if the House Votes to Impeach President Trump

To Be or Not To Be That is the question To Impeach or Not To Impeach That is a question To Sanction or Nor to Sanction That is a Question To Do Nothing and Admit Three Years of Trying to Dump Trump That is not an option for the Democrats Let them impeach and send it to the Senate for a trial after Representative Nadler and his Judiciary Committee do their best to clean up Representative Schiff’s Intelligence Committee mess. The mantra of the Democrats from the time of the 2016 Election was to Investigate, Impeach, Indict. Give the Democrats want to want – a trial after the impeachment. A full trial!!! The Senate Judiciary Committee should hold hearings on the continuous three year campaign to impeach President Trump going back to before the inauguration. Root out the elements of the coup attempt. Evidence clearly shows the FBI and DOJ (Strzok-Page texts ) along with James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, and John Brennen, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (early sympathizer of the Communist Party), were engaged in a conspiracy to deny Donald Trump the Presidency, or if elected, remove him from office: The 25th Amendment, the Fusion GPS/Russian/Steele Dossier, the “insurance policy,” Russian collusion, Stormy Daniels, Avenatti, Mueller, and now the Ukraine, whatever it takes. Subpoena them all: James Comey John Brennen James Clapper Andrew McCabe Bruce Ohr Nellie Ohr Peter Strozk James Baker Lisa Page Sally Yates Christopher Steele Michael Isikoff Perkins Coie, the law firm making the payment to Fusion GPS Marc Elias, Perkins Coie partner Alexandra Chalupa, the Ukrainian American consultant to the DNC and the Ukrainian Government Eric Ciaramella, the alleged faux whistleblower Fiona Hill Lt. Colonel Alexander Windman Hunter Biden Andrew Weissmann U.N. Ambassador Samantha Powers, who unmasked hundreds of Americans Almost all will take the 5th Amendment, but it would still be a circus as the Senate interlocutors ask question after question - questions and witnesses Adam Shifty Schiff forbad in the House. The more that take the 5th, the more the American people will understand a conspiracy, much more than a collusion, existed to first prevent, and second to remove, the Trump Presidency. Don’t forget Representatives Nadler and Schiff and their staff. The representatives will refuse to appear. Article I, Section 8, Clause 2 of the Constitution provides that for members of Congress “for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.” Their staffs have no such immunity. Representative Schiff’s staff met with the faux whistle blower, is believed to have coached him, and drafted his whistle blowing letter. The Democrats profess to want to get to the truth. They opened up a can of worms if they impeach President Trump. Let the Senate drag the truth out – up to election day.

Senator Elizabeth Warren Tells Us She Is a Capitalist: She's Selling a Bridge In Brooklyn and Peddling Snake Oil

Senator Elizabeth Warren is a capitalist. She tells us so! Senator Elizabeth Warren wants to nationalize 18%, almost 1/5, of the nation’s economy. That’s socialism -not capitalism. She proclaims she is a capitalist. She is either ignorant or duplicitous. She must know, they’re in the news, that the federal government has a mediocre record with its forays into providing medical care with the VA, Indian Health Service, and Walter Reed Army Hospital. Senator Elizabeth Warren was a Native American. She told us so. She’s not!!!! Elizabeth Warren knew she was Native American because of her high cheekbones. ?????? Elizabeth warren used affirmative action to secure tenured teaching positions at the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University. She was the only graduate of a public law school on the Harvard Law School faculty. No matter how good the University of Houston and Rutgers University are, graduates of these colleges and law schools do not get faculty positions at Harvard Law School. She claims she did not know Harvard Law School listed her as a Native American in its annual federal diversity forms. She built her professional career on a lie. Senator Warren says she’s a capitalist, but here’s what she said in a September 2011 video: “I hear all this, you know, ‘Well this is class warfare.’ No, there is nobody in this country who got rich on his own – nobody. You built a factory out there? Good for you. But I want to be clear. You moved your goods to market on the roads the rest of us paid for. You hired workers the rest of us paid to educate. You were safe in your factory because of police-forces and fire-forces that the rest of us paid for. You didn’t have to worry that marauding bands would come and seize everything at your factory – and someone to protect against this – because of the work the rest of us did. Now look, you built a factory and it turned into something terrific, or a great idea. Keep a big chunk of it, but part of the underlying social contract is. You take a chunk of that and pay forward for the next kid who comes forward.” President Obama copied her statement in 2012: “If you’ve got a business, you didn’t build it.” She proclaimed: “It’s just wrong to call me a socialist.” She wants to nationalize 18% of the nation’s economy, and regulate the rest. Socialists like to spend other people’s money. She’s looking to spend 30 trillion dollars of other’s monies. The Presidential candidate says she wants to save capitalism by reforming it. Her “reforms” will replace capitalism with statism. Senator Elizabeth Warren proclaims she’s for the middle class. Elizabeth Warren consulted for or represented LTV, Travelers Insurance Company, Dow Chemical, Fairfield, and the Hunt family. Middle class? Her hourly billing rate was $675.00. Middle class? She’s a convert to progressivism, having been a die-hard conservative, registered Republican until 1996. She has a plan for everything: family farms, student loans, Medicare for All, child care, clean power, education, seemingly everything except growing the economy. The cost: $3 trillion annually on top of the current $4.6 billon budget, which is running a $1 billion deficit. Her plans will create another 20 government agencies. She will unleash an army of bureaucrats onto the American people and economy. She says she will pay for it by taxing the wealthy: wealth taxes, income taxes, estate taxes. Her wealth tax will start at 2% on $50 million and rise to 6% on $1 billion. She calls it a billionaire tax. A wealth tax on $50 million is only $950 million short of a billion. History tells us that the cost estimates are always low while the estimated revenues (taxes, fees, et al) are overly optimistic. The result is that Senator Warren’s 2%-6% wealth tax will rise while the lower limit of $50 million will drop. The wealthy lack the wealth to fund her redistributionist schemes. Nor do most people, including the wealthy, possess large amounts of cash or other liquid assets. No problem she says. They can pay the tax in stock or illiquid assets. That’s expropriation through the guise of taxation. It will be the death knell of family businesses. Her K-12 education plan promises $800 million over 10 years; it is a sop to the teachers unions while crushing charter schools. Senator Warren the other day said to a pro school choice advocate that she sent her children to public schools. Oops! Wrong again! Her son went to an expensive private school. Why should anyone believe what she says? And then we have her non-termination for being pregnant. She has said many times that she was terminated from her teaching position in 1971 when she became visibly pregnant: “At the end of the first year, I was visibly pregnant.” “The principal wished me luck and hired someone else for the job.” Her pregnancy termination claim is as valid as Hillary Clinton’s landing under fire. The 1971 Riverdale, New Jersey School Board minutes show the Board unanimously voted her a second year. The June 1971 minutes say her resignation was “accepted with regret.” She was leaving to raise a family. Another great sympathetic story, but yet again a falsehood. She says she wants the successful to pay their “fair share,” which is never defined. The burden will be on the middle class, while she sucks money out of the private economy. Her central planning will unleash an army of millions of bureaucrats on America. Her central planning will cripple the American spirit of independence, creativity, initiative and entrepreneurism. Central planning is the opposite of capitalism. She avers she wants to save capitalism by reforming it. She will destroy capitalism, just like the old medical joke: “The operation was a success, but the patient died.” She asserts “I am a capitalist, but markets need to work for more than just the rich.” They do: they work for the majority of Americans with company retirement funds, IRAs, 401K’s, and other pension plans. She is as much a capitalist as she is Native American. Who knows what Senator Elizabeth Warren really believes? She is a rank opportunist, an equal opportunity opportunist. .